Contents
Peacemaking


Foreword by Howard Zehr 15

Author’s Preface 19

Introduction 21

PART ONE: THE LAW AND PEACEMAKING

  • 1 LAWYERS AS PEACEMAKERS 29
  • The Current, Narrow View of Lawyers as Peacemakers • 29

    The American Legal Profession—A Short History &127 32

    The Adversary Ideology • 36

    The Myth of Redemptive Violence • 38

    Legal Training and Law Students • 44

    A New Paradigm • 44

    Reflections on Chapter 1 • 48

  • 2 CONCEPTS OF PEACEMAKING 49
  • What Is Peacemaking? • 50

    Ten Principles of Peacemaking • 52

    Relationship Between Peace and Conflict • 54

    Reconciliation or Therapy? • 56

    Peacemaking and Mediation • 57

    The Lawyer as Counselor and Representative • 59

    Reflections on Chapter 2 • 61

    PART TWO: CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROCESSES

  • 3 CONFLICT RESOLUTION MODELS AND PROCESSES 65
  • Introduction • 65

    The Four-Way Model of Conflict Resolution • 66

    Coercion

    Controlled Escalation

    Outside Authority

    Agreement-Based Processes

    Process Choice

    Power, Rights, and Interests • 74

    Comparing the Models

    Peacemaking—A Synthesis of Models • 77

    Conclusion • 78

    Reflections on Chapter 3 • 78

  • 4 MEDIATION ORIENTATION 80
  • Introduction • 80

    A Brief History • 82

    Orientation to Process • 85

    Some Terminology Issues

    Riskin’s Grid

    Covet and Love’s Model

    Strategic Choice Model

    Evaluative Mediation

    Arguments Supporting Evaluative Mediation

    Critiques of Evaluative Mediation

    Facilitative Mediation

    Orientation to Outcome • 100

    Problem-Solving Orientation

    Transformative Orientation

    Narrative Orientation

    Comparison of Orientations

    A Theory of Mediation • 106

    Conclusion • 108

    Reflections on Chapter 4 • 109

    PART THREE: UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT

  • 5 HUMAN NATURE 113
  • Philosophical Views of Humankind • 113

    Introduction

    Early Views

    Modern Views

    Some Recurring Philosophical Themes

    Psychological Views of Human Nature—Freud to Rogers • 136

    Freud

    Harry Stack Sullivan-Interpersonal Psychoanalysis

    Object Relations

    Behaviorism

    Humanistic Psychology

    Synthesizing Perspectives on Human Nature • 145

    Reflections on Chapter 5 • 146

  • 6 THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF CONFLICT 150
  • Orientation to Brain Function and Anatomy • 151

    Automaticity • 156

    The Cognitive Operators • 159

    Emotion • 164

    Historical Studies of Emotion

    Characteristics of Emotion

    Types of Emotion

    Emotional Control

    Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators • 178

    Conclusion • 183

    Reflections on Chapter 6 • 185

  • 7 IDENTITY 186
  • The Neurological Foundations of Identity • 189

    The Proto-Self

    Core Consciousness

    The Autobiographical Self

    Cognitive Psychodynamics • 192

    Schemas

    Relationships

    Personal Identity, Face, and Impression Management • 194

    Social Identity • 200

    How the Legal System Escalates Identity Conflicts • 205

    Reflections on Chapter 7 • 207

  • 8 RELIGION AND CONFLICT 208
  • A True Story of Law and Religion • 208

    Introduction • 211

    Neurotheology • 212

    What Is Religion? • 217

    Religion and Cosmology • 218

    The Binary View: Good Versus Evil

    The Abstractive View: Evil as the Corruption of Good

    The Wholistic View: The Unitary Universe

    Salvation • 221

    Judaism and Salvation

    Christian Salvation

    Islamic Concepts of Salvation

    Hindu Concepts of Salvation

    Religion, Politics, and Cultural Identity • 224

    Lawyers, Peacemaking, and Religion • 228

    Reflections on Chapter 8 • 231

  • 9 CONFLICT AND CULTURE 233
  • Defining Culture • 233

    Misconceptions About Culture • 234

    Analyzing Culture and Conflict • 236

    Culture and Emotion • 239

    Cultural Schemas • 240

    Gender and Conflict • 244

    Three Themes of American Culture • 245

    Competition and Conflict

    Individualism and Conflict

    Politics and Conflict

    Conclusion • 260

    Reflections on Chapter 9 • 261

  • 10 JUSTICE 262
  • Introduction • 262

    Why Justice?

    Common Threads of Justice

    Classical Theories of Justice • 265

    The Positive Law Theory of Justice

    The Social Good Theory of Justice

    The Natural Right Theory of Justice

    What Is Justice?

    Classical Justice, and Peacemaking • 273

    Justice, Identity, and Cooperation • 274

    Can Peacemaking Provide Justice?—Critiques • 278

    Restorative Justice • 282

    Conclusion • 286

    Reflections on Chapter 10 • 287

  • 11 CONFLICT BEHAVIOR 288
  • Theoretical Considerations • 288

    Conflict Schemas

    Blake and Mouton’s Conflict Management Grid

    Integrative and Distributive Outcomes

    Goal Concerns and Conflict Goals

    Conflict Goals

    Conflict Escalation • 302

    Social Processes

    Psychological Processes

    Rational Thinking and Intractable Conflicts • 308

    Conclusion • 311

    Reflections on Chapter 11 • 312

    PART FOUR: CONFLICT ANALYSIS

  • 12 CONFLICT THEORY 317
  • Sociology and Conflict Theory • 318

    Marx and Weber: The Conflict Tradition in Sociology

    Exchange Theory

    Social Constructionism and Social Interactionism

    A Social Power View of Conflict • 328

    The Nature of Social Power

    Sources of Power Capacity

    Other Theories of Conflict • 332

    Human Needs Theory

    Integrating Theories

    Conclusion • 334

    Reflections on Chapter 12 • 335

  • 13 GAME THEORY 336
  • Economic Theory vs. Game Theory • 337

    Cooperative vs. Noncooperative Games • 338

    Elements of a Game • 339

    The Prisoner’s Dilemma • 340

    Equilibrium • 343

    Definition

    Dominant Strategy

    The Nash Equilibrium

    Focal Points

    Equilibrium and Mediation

    Game Theory and Social Dilemmas • 348

    Information • 352

    Common Knowledge

    Perfect vs. Imperfect Information

    Certain vs. Uncertain Information

    Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Information

    Complete vs. Incomplete Information

    Dynamic Games with Asymmetric Information

    Information and Efficiency

    Cooperative Games • 358

    Conclusion • 362

    Reflections on Chapter 13 • 363

  • 14 CONFLICT ANALYSIS 364
  • Introduction • 000

    Systems Approach to Conflict Analysis • 364

    Structural Approaches to Conflict Analysis • 368

    Conflict Parties

    Conflict Goals

    Power Analysis

    History and Context

    Climate

    Escalation History

    Preparing a Conflict Map • 381

    Reflections on Chapter 14 • 382

    PART FIVE: PEACEMAKING

  • 15 ETHICS 385
  • Introduction • 385

    Ethical Codes Generally • 386

    Sources of Ethical Standards • 387

    SPIDR-AAA-ABA Model Standards

    CPR-Georgetown Commission

    Special Ethical Considerations • 399

    Confidentiality

    Situations of Extreme Power Imbalance

    Unauthorized Practice of Law

    Conclusion • 410

    Reflections on Chapter 15 • 411

  • 16 APOLOGY AND FORGIVENESS 412
  • Introduction • 412

    The Nature of Apology and Forgiveness • 414

    Appeasement and Account

    Apology

    Forgiveness

    Impediments to Apology • 419

    Cultural Issues

    Structural Legal Issues

    Apology as an Admission of Fault/Liability

    Apology and Attorneys

    To Propose or Not Propose Apology • 437

    Conclusion • 437

    Reflections on Chapter 16 • 438

  • 17 PRINCIPLES OF PEACEMAKING 439
  • Introduction • 439

    The Peacemaker as a Leader • 441

    The Momentum of Agreement

    The Commitment to Cooperation

    Managing Information

    Maintaining Safety, Order, and Security

    Empathic Communication • 451

    Process Choice and the Escalation Stages • 455

    De-Escalation

    Processes for De-Escalation

    Conclusion • 459

    Reflections on Chapter 17 • 459

    Final Word 461

    Notes 463

    References 465

    The Author 475


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    Copyright © 2003 by Cascadia Publishing House
    04/15/03