KINGSVIEW

AT THE END OF ETHNIC MENNONITE LIFE

Michael A. King

Some Mennonite congregations, families, and individuals are living at the end of ethnic Mennonite subcultures. How we analyze or address our situations will differ; what I see in my contexts may not apply in others. But I do find myself forced, as pastor, husband, and father, to wrestle with the transition from ethnic Mennonitism to generic anabaptism that seems required in my settings.

Several factors have heightened my sense of needing to address this transition. Foremost is my experience as pastor at Spring Mount Mennonite Church. I was called to the congregation in 1997 as an interim pastor whose role, it was thought at the time, might include helping the congregation bury itself with dignity. Years of challenges, including deaths of key members, departures of younger participants, and leadership transitions, had weakened the congregation; its future appeared dim. But as often as we discussed burial in those early days, the congregation refused to die, probably partly because having its back to the wall generated new urgency to work at missional turnaround.

And to work at one huge issue: it was unlikely this primarily Swiss-German Mennonite congregation could again thrive simply by drawing in more Swiss-German Mennonite members. We would somehow have to welcome participants from our local communities or die.

But how? The story is still being written. Yet at least two moves seem to have been essential to generating growth of community participation to the point that some Sundays a majority of worship participants were raised in settings other than Mennonite. One factor has been strengthening connections with community networks. A key move here has been to hire Don McDonough, himself raised in and part of such a network, as associate pastor.

A second factor has been working at discerning this: What aspects of how Mennonites "do" church in Pennsylvania are rooted in a Swiss-German ethnic heritage and so should not be imposed on participants of different ethnic backgrounds—many of whom start out thinking Mennonite = horse and buggy?

And what aspects are part of the gospel core as viewed through the Anabaptist tradition that shaped but preceded the Mennonites who took their name from Menno Simons—the Catholic priest turned Anabaptist? To echo the Gentile versus Jewish discernment the apostle Paul had to engage in, what are the beyond-ethnic-culture factors with potential to be good news for persons of any background?

The need for such discernment was underscored again when recently I helped teach a course on Anabaptist history and theology offered in Pennsylvania settings often populated by Swiss-German Mennonites. At the outset I held up a copy of The Merging: A Story of Two Families and Their Child (Pandora Press U.S./DreamSeeker Books, 2000), by Evelyn King Mumaw. The cover shows my grandparents, Irvin and Cora King, in the classic plain clothing they wore throughout most their lives. Beneath them is my Aunt Evie, also in plain dress.

Just looking at that cover draws me back into still-living memories of growing up in that plain-dressing culture and all that such clothing symbolized. The cover plunges me back into images of growing up in the 1950s and 1960s as part of a community set apart, different, viewing those within its boundaries as members of the faithful remnant committed to live the ways of Christ and those outside primarily as those lost in a fallen larger world. The cover reminds me of being a young boy once so socialized into its alternate Mennonite country that I asked my father when I would get my own plain coat.

I had invited Don to supplement my lectures with perspectives of his own. I wanted him to do this because Don is now a committed Anabaptist but became a Mennonite after growing up Lutheran. He is more strongly committed to being Anabaptist than whatever it means to be Mennonite. The world of my aunt’s book cover is not in his bones. He respects my background but experiences it as a historical curiosity.

We expected the Anabaptist class that day to be maybe half ethnic Mennonites, like me, and half adult-choice Mennonites, like Don. I held up the cover as a doorway into my world and expected Don’s recounting of how a Lutheran became Mennonite to be a doorway into his world. Then all of us would ponder what it means to work in congregations mixing persons raised in Swiss-German ethnic Mennonite settings with those raised in other communities and ethnicities.

To our surprise, no students had been raised in Mennonite families. They knew about that plain-dressing separated world, but, like Don, they knew of it only as what seemed to them a quaint echo of a bygone age. So Don and I had to refocus our presentations. Now we had to ask, What does it mean to be Mennonite if being Mennonite involves no Swiss-German markers or memories of a set-apart community?

But this is a question I’ve also pondered closer to home. In the 1970s, while my friends were marrying ethnic Mennonites, I married Joan, an American Baptist who has herself become a committed Anabaptist-Mennonite but, like Don, from outside my subcultural community. I, who had registered as a conscientious objector just before the Vietnam War draft ended, was adopted as in-law into a family which not only experienced its Christianity as blending nearly seamlessly into larger American culture but also included veterans of military service. They learned to love me often despite rather than because of my odd beliefs and Swiss-German love for potato and shoo-fly pies.

Our three daughters, now young adults, were raised in that mix of subcultures and attended both public and Mennonite schools. They have attended Mennonite churches all their lives. They have worshiped among Mennonites who still dress plainly. They have experienced learning through family funerals that in parts of their extended family even young people still dress plainly. They’ve heard my many stories of growing up in that different country.

Yet even as they understand that country better than those who have never visited it, it’s not fully their own. Like the Anabaptist class in which no students were from Swiss-German Mennonite backgrounds, when my daughters visit my country, they are tourists respectfully studying it, not citizens fundamentally shaped by it.

Where then from here? Any answer requires discussion, not just proclamation. But a strategy that seems compelling to me is this: At least in some settings in which Mennonitism has become so stereotypically intertwined with ethnic cultural practices as to pose a nearly impenetrable barrier to newcomers, we may need to move from Mennonite to generic anabaptist values.

Here I am indebted to C. Norman Kraus. In "Anabaptist or Mennonite? Interpreting the Bible" (Using Scripture in a Global Age, Cascadia, 2006), Kraus says that "Anabaptism with a lower case ‘a’ is . . . an attempt to adapt and adopt the insights and values of sixteenth-century Anabaptism as a guide to the interpretation and use of Scripture in our twenty-first century American culture" (45). Kraus points to the many cultural forms global Mennonitism has taken and ways generic anabaptism can provide distinctive and unifying ways of viewing Bible and world even amid a dizzying array of shifting Mennonite cultural practices. Something like that is what I find myself working at implementing as pastor, husband, father.

This is not to suggest ethnically influenced Mennonite practices lack value. It is not to disrespect those Mennonites, past or present, whose plain dress has meant to convey faithful following of Christ. At Spring Mount Mennonite, for example, we’ve aimed to celebrate the fresh contributions of people from diverse backgrounds even while continuing to cherish gifts of the plain-dressing tradition.

It is not simplistically to flee the name Mennonite. I myself have publicly declared my preference to pastor not, say, Spring Mount Community Fellowship or even Spring Mount Anabaptist Fellowship—but Spring Mount Mennonite Church.

It is not to suggest that any congregation or individual somehow exists above or outside of culture. Nor is it to insist that making Mennonite a more culture-bound term and anabaptist a name less tied to culture is the only or even best way to conceptualize matters; I myself experience these matters as a kind of riddle whose solution I’ve not yet fully found.

Nevertheless, there are basic differences between those of us who grew up in my Swiss-German Mennonite world and those raised in their many alternate settings that must somehow be named and worked at. Sometimes to be Mennonite is too easily equated with joining not only a way of understanding faith but also the subcultural expressions of that faith as they have emerged in tightly-knit communities of persons sharing similar immigrant backgrounds, histories, and often generations or even centuries of inbreeding. Then it is important to find ways to speak of core faith commitments that disentangle them from optional ethnic expressions.

This is why in my various roles I often find the vocabulary of a generic anabaptism helpful. Such a vocabulary can help those raised in settings other than Mennonite to grasp what aspects of becoming Mennonite involve commitments to particular faith values rather than optional ethnic practices.

This is why I often feel impelled less to address Mennonite concerns intertwined with a particular ethnicity and more to ask Anabaptist-tinged questions like these: Where is right living to be found in today’s complex and ambiguous moral crosscurrents?

What does the body of Christ look like among those who find it more meaningful to commune in MySpace than Sunday morning worship services?

What does it mean to believe "But I say to you, love your enemies" should still shape how we view terrorists or war in Iraq?

And what might it look like to ask such questions from within ordinary lives planted among many subcultures, not only from within that country behind my aunt’s book cover?

—Michael A. King, Telford, Pennsylvania, is pastor, Spring Mount (Pa.) Mennonite Church; and editor, DreamSeeker Magazine.