Introduction 21 PART ONE: THE LAW AND PEACEMAKING The Current, Narrow View of Lawyers as Peacemakers • 29 The American Legal Profession—A Short History &127 32 The Adversary Ideology • 36 The Myth of Redemptive Violence • 38 Legal Training and Law Students • 44 A New Paradigm • 44 Reflections on Chapter 1 • 48 What Is Peacemaking? • 50 Ten Principles of Peacemaking • 52 Relationship Between Peace and Conflict • 54 Reconciliation or Therapy? • 56 Peacemaking and Mediation • 57 The Lawyer as Counselor and Representative • 59 Reflections on Chapter 2 • 61 PART TWO: CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROCESSES Introduction • 65 The Four-Way Model of Conflict Resolution • 66 Coercion Controlled Escalation Outside Authority Agreement-Based Processes Process Choice Power, Rights, and Interests • 74 Comparing the Models Peacemaking—A Synthesis of Models • 77 Conclusion • 78 Reflections on Chapter 3 • 78 Introduction • 80 A Brief History • 82 Orientation to Process • 85 Some Terminology Issues Riskin’s Grid Covet and Love’s Model Strategic Choice Model Evaluative Mediation Arguments Supporting Evaluative Mediation Critiques of Evaluative Mediation Facilitative Mediation Orientation to Outcome • 100 Problem-Solving Orientation Transformative Orientation Narrative Orientation Comparison of Orientations A Theory of Mediation • 106 Conclusion • 108 Reflections on Chapter 4 • 109 PART THREE: UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT Philosophical Views of Humankind • 113 Introduction Early Views Modern Views Some Recurring Philosophical Themes Psychological Views of Human Nature—Freud to Rogers • 136 Freud Harry Stack Sullivan-Interpersonal Psychoanalysis Object Relations Behaviorism Humanistic Psychology Synthesizing Perspectives on Human Nature • 145 Reflections on Chapter 5 • 146 Orientation to Brain Function and Anatomy • 151 Automaticity • 156 The Cognitive Operators • 159 Emotion • 164 Historical Studies of Emotion Characteristics of Emotion Types of Emotion Emotional Control Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators • 178 Conclusion • 183 Reflections on Chapter 6 • 185 The Neurological Foundations of Identity • 189 The Proto-Self Core Consciousness The Autobiographical Self Cognitive Psychodynamics • 192 Schemas Relationships Personal Identity, Face, and Impression Management • 194 Social Identity • 200 How the Legal System Escalates Identity Conflicts • 205 Reflections on Chapter 7 • 207 A True Story of Law and Religion • 208 Introduction • 211 Neurotheology • 212 What Is Religion? • 217 Religion and Cosmology • 218 The Binary View: Good Versus Evil The Abstractive View: Evil as the Corruption of Good The Wholistic View: The Unitary Universe Salvation • 221 Judaism and Salvation Christian Salvation Islamic Concepts of Salvation Hindu Concepts of Salvation Religion, Politics, and Cultural Identity • 224 Lawyers, Peacemaking, and Religion • 228 Reflections on Chapter 8 • 231 Defining Culture • 233 Misconceptions About Culture • 234 Analyzing Culture and Conflict • 236 Culture and Emotion • 239 Cultural Schemas • 240 Gender and Conflict • 244 Three Themes of American Culture • 245 Competition and Conflict Individualism and Conflict Politics and Conflict Conclusion • 260 Reflections on Chapter 9 • 261 Introduction • 262 Why Justice? Common Threads of Justice Classical Theories of Justice • 265 The Positive Law Theory of Justice The Social Good Theory of Justice The Natural Right Theory of Justice What Is Justice? Classical Justice, and Peacemaking • 273 Justice, Identity, and Cooperation • 274 Can Peacemaking Provide Justice?—Critiques • 278 Restorative Justice • 282 Conclusion • 286 Reflections on Chapter 10 • 287 Theoretical Considerations • 288 Conflict Schemas Blake and Mouton’s Conflict Management Grid Integrative and Distributive Outcomes Goal Concerns and Conflict Goals Conflict Goals Conflict Escalation • 302 Social Processes Psychological Processes Rational Thinking and Intractable Conflicts • 308 Conclusion • 311 Reflections on Chapter 11 • 312 PART FOUR: CONFLICT ANALYSIS Sociology and Conflict Theory • 318 Marx and Weber: The Conflict Tradition in Sociology Exchange Theory Social Constructionism and Social Interactionism A Social Power View of Conflict • 328 The Nature of Social Power Sources of Power Capacity Other Theories of Conflict • 332 Human Needs Theory Integrating Theories Conclusion • 334 Reflections on Chapter 12 • 335 Economic Theory vs. Game Theory • 337 Cooperative vs. Noncooperative Games • 338 Elements of a Game • 339 The Prisoner’s Dilemma • 340 Equilibrium • 343 Definition Dominant Strategy The Nash Equilibrium Focal Points Equilibrium and Mediation Game Theory and Social Dilemmas • 348 Information • 352 Common Knowledge Perfect vs. Imperfect Information Certain vs. Uncertain Information Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Information Complete vs. Incomplete Information Dynamic Games with Asymmetric Information Information and Efficiency Cooperative Games • 358 Conclusion • 362 Reflections on Chapter 13 • 363 Introduction • 000 Systems Approach to Conflict Analysis • 364 Structural Approaches to Conflict Analysis • 368 Conflict Parties Conflict Goals Power Analysis History and Context Climate Escalation History Preparing a Conflict Map • 381 Reflections on Chapter 14 • 382 PART FIVE: PEACEMAKING Introduction • 385 Ethical Codes Generally • 386 Sources of Ethical Standards • 387 SPIDR-AAA-ABA Model Standards CPR-Georgetown Commission Special Ethical Considerations • 399 Confidentiality Situations of Extreme Power Imbalance Unauthorized Practice of Law Conclusion • 410 Reflections on Chapter 15 • 411 Introduction • 412 The Nature of Apology and Forgiveness • 414 Appeasement and Account Apology Forgiveness Impediments to Apology • 419 Cultural Issues Structural Legal Issues Apology as an Admission of Fault/Liability Apology and Attorneys To Propose or Not Propose Apology • 437 Conclusion • 437 Reflections on Chapter 16 • 438 Introduction • 439 The Peacemaker as a Leader • 441 The Momentum of Agreement The Commitment to Cooperation Managing Information Maintaining Safety, Order, and Security Empathic Communication • 451 Process Choice and the Escalation Stages • 455 De-Escalation Processes for De-Escalation Conclusion • 459 Reflections on Chapter 17 • 459 Final Word 461 Notes 463 References 465 Peacemaking orders:
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